Sabtu, 31 Juli 2010

Mangrove forests

Mangrove forests are often what we call the mangrove plants have important ecological functions and are not replaced with anything for the city. Mangrove forests consist of many types of plants are very distinctive because it has the ability to adapt to local conditions with the submerged coastal seawater. Types of vegetation in the mangrove forest is diverse, but there are several types of vegetation that are characteristic of mangrove forest is the mangrove (Rhizophora sp), Api-api (Avicennia sp), Pedada (Sonneratia sp) and Tanjang/trees (Bruguiera sp).

Ecological function of forests is to avoid any mangrove or absorption of seawater intrusion into groundwater. Itself causes ground water intrusion into brackish and unfit to drink, whereas most regions in Indonesia are still using ground water as raw materials drinking water, cooking and other basic needs. which ground water was contaminated sea water can also cause corrosion on metals if used for sea water contains salt. In addition to the above function, another function of mangrove forests are the lungs of supporting the city because the mangrove forest can absorb CO2 and release O2 huge also. The mangrove forest can be a very good city.

Another function of the existence of mangrove forests in coastal areas is to prevent abrasion or erosion of the beach. Mangrove trees, trees or (tree Api-api) & other tress which is typical vegetation of mangrove forests have sturdy stems and roots are very distinctive so as to maintain the shoreline from the brunt of the waves or wave.

In addition to the above function is still a lot of other functions that will be very long when I explain, such as mangrove forests as filters of waste, as the fertilising waters because the mangrove forest produce useful nutrients for phytoplankton, the mangrove roots as a place of spawning and refuge habitat for fish and shrimp various, and much more.

Indonesia as a repository of World Bioenergy

Indonesia as a repository of World Bio energy
The development of research in the field of bio energy, are not new in this world. Exploratory opportunities for bio energy applications in industrialization has long sounded, and now has entered mass production stage and ready in commercialisation. Hopefully within the next few years, bio fuel will be an alternative and can compete with oil and gas (oil) in maintaining world energy security.

Indonesia with abundant natural wealth, have the potential to become world's granary bio energy. The potential that really can not be ignored is the availability of vast land to cultivate crops as a potential source of bio energy raw materials. Here is bio energy has included the use of biomass, bio diesel, bio ethanol, and bio gas as an alternative energy source.
Biomass

Biomass is biological material that is usually regarded as waste and often annihilated by the fuel. Sometimes we do not know that many things that can be utilized from the remnants of food or goods that we consider to be rubbish. Biomass can be processed into bio-
charcoal, which is the fuel that has a high calorific value and can be used in everyday life. In addition, currently being major project use of waste as raw material in biomass technology for processing so it can be used as an energy source. Palm or coconut shell used as a briquette which is currently its development began official recognition by the investigators.
Bio diesel

Research in the field of bio diesel so far continued to grow by utilizing a variety of vegetable and animal fats for bio-fuels (bio fuels) and renewable (renewable). Bio diesel is a fuel that has properties resembling diesel oil / diesel. This environmentally friendly fuel because it produces emissions that is far better than the diesel / diesel fuel, which is free of sulfur, the number of smoke (smoke number) are low, has a higher Etan number, combustion is more complete, has lubricating properties of engine piston and can be decomposed (biodegradable) so as not to produce toxins (non toxic).

Making bio diesel from vegetable oils by converting the triglycerides (the main component of vegetable oils) into fatty acid methyl esters, using a catalyst in the process methanolysis / esterification. In Indonesia, the potential for bio diesel raw material is abundant. Currently, Indonesia is the largest vegetable oil producing countries in the world, including raw materials of vegetable oil fatty acids from palm oil, jatropha, coconut, soursop, Sugar-apple, cottonwood, and algae.
Bio ethanol

To change their premium, the alternative was Gasohol (gasoline-alcohol) which is a mixture of gasoline and bio ethanol. Bio ethanol derived from carbohydrates as potential raw materials such as maize, cassava, sweet potato, sago, and sugar cane. From some of these raw materials, it is known that maize is the main ingredient of feed for bio ethanol superior because apart from economically cheap, the total results of produced bio ethanol corn crop was greater among others.

After the above raw materials through a fermentation process,
produced ethanol. And ethanol can be made from 99.5% ethanol or fuel grade ethanol that can be used for a mixture of Gasohol. In ethanol, there are 35% oxygen that can improve engine combustion efficiency and also increase the octane number additives such as Methyl Tertiary Buthyl Ether (MTBE) and Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL). In addition, ethanol can also be broken down so that it can reduce harmful exhaust emissions.
Bio gas

Bio energy development opportunities, especially bio gas, are also allowed to flourish in Indonesia, both for application of small and medium scale industries. Various organic waste and aggro-industry wastes is a potential raw material to be processed into bio gas through anaerobic technology. In principle, the technology is the process of anaerobic decomposition by reducing microbial biomass in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).

In broad outline the necessary raw material is biomass (residues of living creatures), microorganisms, and water. The main products of biogas are methane and organic fertilizer. Methane gas has been widely known as a raw material is environmentally friendly, because it can burn completely so that no smoke is striving to produce a bad effect on air quality. Because of its nature, the gas is methane gas that have high economic value and can be used for various purposes ranging from cooking, to drive the steam turbine power plant.
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Given the huge potential of the Indonesian state mainly to the availability of raw materials, the Indonesian state rightly dare to proclaim itself as a state granary of the world bioenergy. Future challenges in the development of bioenergy, particularly in the aspects of capital / investment, legal instruments, technology development, problems of social constraints, and limitations of markets and users, should be a commitment and a shared responsibility of government, community and relevant parties to seek solutions . Hopefully within the next few decades, Indonesia could become the world's tigers in the field of energy. In achieving these expectations, it should be realized that the success has not come by itself, but is the result of hard work from all parties / stakeholders.

How to tackle Global Warming

Many things we can do as citizens of Earth to participate deal with events of Global Warming (Global Warming) and Climate Change (Climate Change) is going through the Earth, starting from small things that can be done by everyone from the house where we lived , such as the following things:

Efficient Electricity Consumption:

Turn off electrical equipment when not in use.
Only use electrical equipment when we need it.
Not use in equipment that uses electricity; if it can easily be done by hand, like opening cans, bottles etc.
Connect the lights in the yard with a timing device (timer) or photocell sunlight.
Use of fluorescent and compact fluorescent lighting to save electricity. Type of energy saving lamps will cut 80% wasteful electricity than incandescent lights.

Turn off electrical equipment and use minimal lighting at night when going to bed.

Turn off water heater before you leave to go on holiday.
Replace old refrigerator if the electricity is wasteful and do not forget to defrost your refrigerator regularly.
Clean and remove the goods / foods that do not need from the refrigerator each week.

Do not put hot food in the fridge.

Do not be too often and for a long time to open the refrigerator door, because it would be wasteful of electricity.


Efficient Use of Water:

Do not wash dishes with water flowing continuously.
Do not brush your teeth, also with flowing tap water, because water will be much to lose in a minute wasted about 10 liters.

Bath using a bucket and measured as needed, rather than disposable shower faucet with running water or soak in the 'bathtub'. Likewise, for the car wash, just use a bucket and bucket instead of using the hose with water flowing.

Use cold water in the washing machine instead of hot water.
Flush the toilet as needed (not too often).
Make sure that the buoy / radar on the water storage tank is working properly, as well as on the faucet and the toilet monoblock, not to prevent wasteful water leakage.
Wash clothes with cold water instead of hot water.
Use the final rinse water washing clothes to water your plants. Use a laundry rinse water as rice, fruits and vegetables as well as for watering the plants.
And take advantage of rain water cistern for watering plants, cleaning the floor etc..



Take advantage of the Natural Energy Source:

Use solar power to homes and water heaters.

Use the sun to dry your clothes.
Use the lighting from the sun in an optimal, rather than rely on electric lights.

Open the window, so that wind can blow in to cool and freshen the room in your house, instead of using a lavishly-made Air Conditioning such as AC power.

If you continue to use the AC, do not forget to clean the air conditioner on a regular basis, will save electricity.
Do not forget to set the 'timer' on the air conditioner to stop at the moment before dawn.

Exhaust fan can also be used to assist the exchange of fresh air in the room, if not maximum wind circulation.

If you wish, to build houses do not forget the wind and air circulation using natural light from the sun in an optimal fashion. At the State that has a very caring of the Earth, like the Swedish, Danish and Japanese as well, electricity consumption had begun to harness the wind turbine and solar panels, hopefully in Indonesia could soon be implemented as well, considering the electricity from PLN had not yet been able to reach all areas
remote villages particularly remote areas. Other natural energy sources that can be exploited is the power of water (micro-hydro) and geothermal energy (geothermal). It is the natural energy sources are environmentally friendly.
Also use green glass to reduce heat in your home.

Reuse (Use Back) And others:

Use ceramic or glass coffee cups instead of disposable cups like made of plastic and Styrofoam.
Reuse plastic bags and other goods storage containers.
Use recycled paper, letters and envelopes, calendars, used for scratch paper or notes everyday purposes.

Use back of paper new HVS used a face into two faces or back and forth.

Use cloth napkins, handkerchiefs that can be reused instead of tissue paper and other disposable cleaning paper.
Use the 'reusable' plates, drink bottles and cutlery are not disposable.
Use reusable containers to store food instead of aluminum foil and other plastic materials.
Reuse cardboard packaging materials for shipping goods.
Use old newspapers to wrap back and 'packing' of goods.
To shop with canvas bags instead of using paper bags and plastic bags.
Save wire hangers and return or re-use them when the laundry.
Painted with brushes and rollers can be used again rather than using spray paint that emits harmful emissions.

Reduce (Frugality) And others:

Efficient use of paper and tissue due to be made of wood from trees felled in the forest, while the forest is needed to neutralize the CO2 emissions in the air.

Maintain, maintain and repair the items we have and have been used instead of frequently buying new.
Only buy furniture device. actually used.
Buy and use battery 'Rechargeable' for devices that are often used.
Prioritize buy products labeled as environmentally friendly.
Buy and eat organic vegetables, certainly more healthful and environmentally friendly.
Buy locally made products to reduce exhaust emissions from transport.
Buy food / drinks, vegetable / fruit locally, because it's cheaper and more secure freshness.

Buy products that can be recycled or made from recycled materials.

Avoid products with several layers of packaging, if only one well enough.

In other words, if possible buy products wholesale quantities of cheaper and more economical than buying the retail packaging is more expensive and need a lot of packaging. Sample size purchase one kg of washing powder, better than on the size of a small sachet.
Avoid buying a food product packaged in plastic or styrofoam containers because they can not be recycled.
Avoid or reduce the use of equipment also eat / drink like a spoon / fork and drinking straws are made of plastic.

Avoid 'fast food' because these foods are the largest waste producer in the world, while also not good for health.

Minimize use of pesticides.
Avoid the use of 'rat poison' from chemicals, if they want to kill or expel rats, but the use of traditional rat trap with bait such as salted fish.

Stop using aerosol sprays to reduce CFCs that will disrupt the Earth's ozone layer.
Reduce use of chemicals when cleaning every corner of the house.

Do not buy products made from endangered animals.
Reduce consumption of meat (flexitarian) or if possible be a vegetarian.



Recycle (Recycling) And others:

Use clothing made from environmentally friendly materials.

Use a recycled bag to save the environment.
Recycle everything: newspapers, bottles and cans, plastic, leather, glass and aluminum and other inorganic materials.

For those of you who like creative use non-organic waste to be recycled into beautiful handicraft products.

Collect waste and dispose of in accordance with destining place, if possible separate the organic and non organic. Organic waste can be used for fertilizer, while the non-organic compost can be reprocessed into products that benefit, rather than thrown away carelessly for example in rivers, lakes and sea mainly made of plastic it will damage the environment, because the plastic originally made from petroleum This could only decomposes after reaching a period of at least 200 years! Therefore, do not dispose of organic waste in vain, because it can pollute the environment.

Plastic goods such as buckets, containers of paint the walls, and other beverage bottles can be reused or dis-creation a beautiful potted plant.

If you do not want to use it again, immediately donated or given to other persons or organizations who want to accommodate and process this inorganic waste.

Likewise worthy of wearing used clothing and household goods which have not been used or recycled should be donated to the organization would take and use them again.

Do not get into the habit of food waste because even the slightest remnants of food can remove methane gas in the open like TPA.
Compost remaining vegetables, fruit peels etc. from your kitchen.

Begin if organic waste into compost that can be used as a fertilizer plant.

Compost leaves and rubbish, or take it to a place Recycled

re garbage.

To make Green Environment (Go Green) And another:

Let's start planting trees in the yard (Go Green). The trees that we planted in the yard no matter how small its pages, it is definitely going to play to neutralize the CO2 in the air at once refreshing and healthful us. So do not hesitate to start planting trees and continue to add collections of plants in the yard. Want to ornamental plants, flowers, fruit or pharmacy alive, vegetables and herbs are not the problem. And if most citizens of earth do, will provide a significant benefit for reducing CO2 in the air and eventually global warming can also be muted.
Use of organic manure to fertilize crops, or manure compost that can be our own making, more efficient and environmentally friendly.

Inform Danger Global Warming, And the others:

Send to as many people as citizens of the Earth, the dangers of Global Warming.

Teach your children and grandchildren to respect and also preserves the nature and the environment.

Take your time to inform or engage in social activities to help care for the Earth.
Give a donation of money, energy and thought as well as goods that can be recycled at the foundation or charitable organization that handles projects of environmental conservation.

Efficiency of Use of Motor Vehicles:

Find a location near the shelter house with office work or a place where school children.

Make a habit of walking or cycling, which is certainly more healthful and environmentally friendly, for example, for purposes such as shopping at the supermarket near the neighborhood.

For longer distances, if possible use mass public transportation, such as busways and railways.

Rise of private vehicles together alternately for example with friends or relatives who happened to the direction or approval.

If you have to take a personal vehicle, to travel:

Use a car that according to the needs of families or larger.

Use of renewable green energy such as bio-fuels, including bio-diesel and bio-ethanol (trade name Pertamina: bio-solar, bio-premium and bio-pertamax).

Turn off the engine / car during refueling. Do not drive above the speed limit is recommended.
Do not carry things that are not necessary in a car trunk.
Check it regularly to make sure in good condition.
Check tire air pressure at regular basis.
Check the oil / engine oil, brake, clutch, axle, etc.. Check for possible leaks or other damage, and do not forget to recycle the oil / motor oil / your car.
Treat reset the car with the engine (tuned up) and change the engine oil regularly, so that conditions remain prime when the engine is used.
Use radial tires to improve road vehicles.

Regulate the tire so the wheel does not vibrate in balance by doing 'spooring & balancing' so comfortable driving the car.

If you must drive a car for very long distances, do not forget to rest for example on the 'rest area' on the highway to keep the driver's stamina would any engine condition.
Buy a motor / new or secondhand cars more fuel efficient and produce lower emissions, so as not to contribute too much CO2 into the air.
If possible buy and use environmentally friendly cars, such as technology that uses sunlight energy panels and hybrids.
Hopefully this information can be useful, and we also go into as part of the solution, and take active part in dealing with global warming event that occurred today. Hopefully all these small steps above if most citizens of Earth to do it plus a pro-environmental policy from world leaders to reduce global emissions, especially on Climate Change meeting in Copenhagen, can give positive results in order to create a better Earth to be inherited and enjoyed by the younger generation, namely our own children and grandchildren.